Multidimensional Noticing for Equity: Theorizing Mathematics Teachers’ Systems of Noticing to Disrupt Inequities

Author:
Elizabeth A. van Es University of California–Irvine

Search for other papers by Elizabeth A. van Es in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Victoria Hand University of Colorado Boulder

Search for other papers by Victoria Hand in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Priyanka Agarwal University of Wisconsin–Madison

Search for other papers by Priyanka Agarwal in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Carlos Sandoval University of California–Irvine

Search for other papers by Carlos Sandoval in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close

Teachers’ noticing of classroom activity shapes who is invited to participate, who is valued, and whose forms of knowing are included in mathematics classrooms. We introduce a framework for multidimensional noticing for equity that captures the stretch and expanse of teachers’ attention and sense making of the local, sociocultural, and historical aspects of mathematics classrooms. We use data from two teachers’ classrooms to illuminate how their noticing of students’ sociocultural selves, of the history of mathematics and schooling, and of students’ potential futures informs enactment of culturally sustaining instructional practice. We discuss this framework in relation to calls in mathematics education to create more equitable and affirming classroom spaces for youth.

Footnotes

The authors would like to thank the mathematics teachers who invited us into their classrooms and engaged in conversations with us about their practice. We would also like to acknowledge Elizabeth Mendoza for her careful insights and contributions throughout the analytic process.

This research was funded by the Spencer Foundation. The ideas presented here are those of the authors and do not reflect those of the funding agency.

Contributor Notes

Elizabeth A. van Es, School of Education, University of California–Irvine, 3455 Education, Irvine, CA 92697; evanes@uci.edu

Victoria Hand, School of Education, University of Colorado Boulder, 239 UCB, Boulder, CO 80301; victoria.hand@colorado.edu

Priyanka Agarwal, School of Education, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 225 North Mills St., Madison, WI 53706; pagarwal39@wisc.edu

Carlos Sandoval, School of Education, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; carloss4@uci.edu

  • Collapse
  • Expand
Journal for Research in Mathematics Education
  • Agarwal, P. , & Sengupta-Irving, T. (2019). Integrating power to advance the study of connective and productive disciplinary engagement in mathematics and science. Cognition and Instruction, 37(3), 349366. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.2019.1624544

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Alper, L. , Fendel, D. , Fraser, S. , & Resek, D. (1997). Designing a high school mathematics curriculum for all students. American Journal of Education, 106(1), 148178. https://doi.org/10.1086/444179

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bartell, T. , Wager, A. , Edwards, A. , Battey, D. , Foote, M. , & Spencer, J. (2017). Toward a framework for research linking equitable teaching with the Standards for Mathematical Practice. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 48(1), 721. https://doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.48.1.0007

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Battey, D. , & Leyva, L. A. (2016). A framework for understanding whiteness in mathematics education. Journal of Urban Mathematics Education, 9(2), 4980. https://jume-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/jume/index.php/JUME/article/view/294/200

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Battey, D. , & Leyva, L. A. (2018). Making the implicit explicit: Building a case for implicit racial attitudes to inform mathematics education research. In T. G. Bartell (Ed.), Toward equity and social justice in mathematics education (pp. 2141). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92907-1_2

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Berry, R. (2020, August 5). Equitable mathematics, social justice, and actions [Webinar]. Colorado Council of Teachers of Mathematics. https://www.cctmath.org/event-archive

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Boaler, J. (1998). Open and closed mathematics: Student experiences and understandings. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 29(1), 4162. https://doi.org/10.2307/749717

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Boaler, J. , & Staples, M. (2008). Creating mathematical futures through an equitable teaching approach: The case of Railside School. Teachers College Record, 110(3), 608645. https://www.tcrecord.org/content.asp?contentid=14590

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Calabrese Barton, A. , Kang, H. , Tan, E. , O’Neill, T. B. , Bautista-Guerra, J. , & Brecklin, C. (2013). Crafting a future in science: Tracing middle school girls’ identity work over time and space. American Educational Research Journal, 50(1), 3775. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831212458142

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Copur-Gencturk, Y. , Cimpian, J. R. , Lubienski, S. T. , & Thacker, I. (2020). Teachers’ bias against the mathematical ability of female, Black, and Hispanic students. Educational Researcher, 49(1), 3043. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X19890577

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Erickson, F. (1992). Ethnographic microanalysis of interaction. In M. D. LeCompte , W. L. Millroy , & J. Preissle (Eds.), The handbook of qualitative research in education (pp. 201226). Academic Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Erickson, F. (2007). Some thoughts on “proximal" formative assessment of student learning. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, 106(1), 186216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7984.2007.00102.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Erickson, F. (2011). On noticing teacher noticing. In M. G. Sherin , V. R. Jacobs , & R. A. Philipp (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers’ eyes (pp. 1734). Routledge.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Espinoza, M. L. (2003). UCLA statewide migrant student institute curriculum [Program of studies]. University of California, Los Angeles.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Espinoza, M. L. , & Vossoughi, S. (2014). Perceiving learning anew: Social interaction, dignity, and educational rights. Harvard Educational Review, 84(3), 285313. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.84.3.y4011442g71250q2

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gholson, M. L. (2016). Clean corners and algebra: A critical examination of the constructed invisibility of Black girls and women in mathematics. The Journal of Negro Education, 85(3), 290301. https://doi.org/10.7709/jnegroeducation.85.3.0290

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gillborn, D. (2005). Education policy as an act of white supremacy: Whiteness, critical race theory and education reform. Journal of Education Policy, 20(4), 485505. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680930500132346

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gresalfi, M. S. (2009). Taking up opportunities to learn: Constructing dispositions in mathematics classrooms. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 18(3), 327369. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508400903013470

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gutiérrez, K. D. (2008). Developing a sociocritical literacy in the third space. Reading Research Quarterly, 43(2), 148164. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.43.2.3

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gutiérrez, R. (2009). Embracing the inherent tensions in teaching mathematics from an equity stance. Democracy & Education, 18(3), 916.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gutiérrez, R. (2012). Context matters: How should we conceptualize equity in mathematics education? In B. Herbel-Eisenmann , J. Choppin , D. Wagner , & D. Pimm (Eds.), Equity in discourse for mathematics education: Theories, practices, and policies (pp. 1733). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2813-4_2

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gutiérrez, R. (2018). Introduction: The need to rehumanize mathematics. In I. Goffney & R. Gutiérrez (Eds.), Rehumanizing mathematics for Black, Indigenous, and Latinx Students (pp. 110). National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hand, V. (2012). Seeing culture and power in mathematical learning: Toward a model of equitable instruction. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 80(1–2), 233247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-012-9387-9

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Herbel-Eisenmann, B. A. , Wagner, D. , Johnson, K. R. , Suh, H. , & Figueras, H. (2015). Positioning in mathematics education: Revelations on an imported theory. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 89(2), 185204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-014-9588-5

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Holland, D. , & Lave, J. (2001). History in person: Enduring struggles, contentious practice, intimate identities. SAR Press.

  • Jackson, C. , Taylor, C. E. , & Buchheister, K. (2018). Seeing mathematics through different eyes: An equitable approach to use with prospective teachers. In T. G. Bartell (Ed.), Toward equity and social justice in mathematics education (pp. 263285). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92907-1_16

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jacobs, V. R. , Lamb, L. L. C. , & Philipp, R. A. (2010). Professional noticing of children’s mathematical thinking. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 41(2), 169202. https://doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.41.2.0169

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kalinec-Craig, C. (2017). “Everything Matters": Mexican-American prospective elementary teachers noticing issues of status and participation while learning to teach mathematics. In E. O. Schack , M. H. Fisher , & J. A. Wilhelm (Eds.), Teacher noticing: Bridging and broadening perspectives, contexts, and frameworks (pp. 215229). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46753-5_13

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ladson-Billings, G. (2000). Racialized discourses and ethnic epistemologies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 257277). Sage.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Langer-Osuna, J. M. (2016). The social construction of authority among peers and its implications for collaborative mathematics problem solving. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 18(2), 107124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10986065.2016.1148529

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Langer-Osuna, J. M. (2018). Productive disruptions: Rethinking the role of off-task interactions in collaborative mathematics learning. Education Sciences, 8(2), 8797. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci8020087

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Langer-Osuna, J. M. , & Nasir, N. S. (2016). Rehumanizing the “other": Race, culture, and identity in education research. Review of Research in Education, 40(1), 723743. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X16676468

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Leonard, J. , & Martin, D. B. (Eds.). (2013). The brilliance of Black children in mathematics: Beyond the numbers and toward new discourse. Information Age.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Louie, N. L. (2018). Culture and ideology in mathematics teacher noticing. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 97(1), 5569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-017-9775-2

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Louie, N. , Adiredja, A. P. , & Jessup, N. (2021). Teacher noticing from a sociopolitical perspective: the FAIR framework for anti-deficit noticing. ZDM, 53(1), 95107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-021-01229-2

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Martin, D. B. (2007). Beyond missionaries or cannibals: Who should teach mathematics to African American children? The High School Journal, 91(1), 628. https://doi.org/10.1353/hsj.2007.0023

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Martin, D. B. (2013). Race, racial projects, and mathematics education. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 44(1), 316333. https://doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.44.1.0316

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mason, J. (2016). Perception, interpretation and decision making: Understanding gaps between competence and performance—A commentary. ZDM, 48(1–2), 219226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-016-0764-1

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • McKinney de Royston, M. , Vakil, S. , Nasir, N. S. , ross, k. m. , Givens, J. , & Holman, A. (2017). “He’s more like a ‘brother’ than a teacher": Politicized caring in a program for African American males. Teachers College Record, 119(4), 140. https://www.tcrecord.org/content.asp?contentid=21748

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mendoza, E. , Hand, V. , van Es, E. A. , Hoos, S. , & Frierson, M. (2021). “The ability to lay yourself bare": Centering rupture, inherited conversations, and vulnerability in professional development. Professional Development in Education, 47(2–3), 243256. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2021.1891955

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Miles, M. B. , Huberman, A. M. , & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (3rd ed.). Sage.

  • Philip, T. M. , Olivares-Pasillas, M. C. , & Rocha, J. (2016). Becoming racially literate about data and data-literate about race: Data visualizations in the classroom as a site of racial-ideological micro-contestations. Cognition and Instruction, 34(4), 361388. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.2016.1210418

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rubel, L. H. (2017). Equity-directed instructional practices: Beyond the dominant perspective. Journal of Urban Mathematics Education, 10(2), 66105. https://jume-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/jume/index.php/JUME/article/view/324/222

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rubel, L. H. , & Chu, H. (2012). Reinscribing urban: Teaching high school mathematics in low income, urban communities of color. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 15(1), 3952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-011-9200-1

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rubel, L. , & McCloskey, A. V. (2019). The “soft bigotry of low expectations" and its role in maintaining white supremacy through mathematics education. Occasional Paper Series, 2019(41), Article 10. https://educate.bankstreet.edu/occasional-paper-series/vol2019/iss41/10/

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Saldaña, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage.

  • Schack, E. O. , Fisher, M. H. , & Wilhelm, J. A. (Eds.). (2017). Teacher noticing: Bridging and broadening perspectives, contexts, and frameworks. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46753-5

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Selling, S. K. (2016). Making mathematical practices explicit in urban middle and high school mathematics classrooms. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 47(5), 505551. https://doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.47.5.0505

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sengupta-Irving, T. (2016). Doing things: Organizing for agency in mathematical learning. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 41, 210218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmathb.2015.10.001

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sengupta-Irving, T. , & Vossoughi, S. (2019). Not in their name: Re-interpreting discourses of STEM learning through the subjective experiences of minoritized girls. Race Ethnicity and Education, 22(4), 479501. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2019.1592835

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shah, N. , & Coles, J. A. (2020). Preparing teachers to notice race in classrooms: Contextualizing the competencies of preservice teachers with antiracist inclinations. Journal of Teacher Education, 71(5), 584599. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487119900204

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sherin, M. G. , Jacobs, V. R. , & Philipp, R. A. (Eds.). (2011). Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers’ eyes. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203832714

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Spencer, J. (2006). Balancing the equations: African American students’ opportunity to learn mathematics with understanding in two central city middle schools (Publication No. 3234374) [Doctoral dissertation, University of California–Los Angeles]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Spencer, J. (Ed.) (2019). Access, power, and participation in mathematics classrooms: Using observation as a strategy to improve teaching and learning. Mathematical Sciences Research Institute. http://library.msri.org/cime/CIME-v13.pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stein, M. K. , Smith, M. S. , Henningsen, M. A. , & Silver, E. A. (Eds.) (2009). Implementing standards-based mathematics instruction: A casebook for professional development (2nd ed.). Teachers College Press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Turner, E. E. , Drake, C. , Roth McDuffie, A. , Aguirre, J. , Bartell, T. G. , & Foote, M. Q. (2012). Promoting equity in mathematics teacher preparation: A framework for advancing teacher learning of children’s multiple mathematics knowledge bases. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 15(1), 6782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-011-9196-6

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Urrieta, L., Jr. (2007). Figured worlds and education: An introduction to the special issue. The Urban Review, 39(2), 107116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-007-0051-0

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Valero, P. (2004). Postmodernism as an attitude of critique to dominant mathematics education research. In M. Walshaw (Ed.), Mathematics education within the postmodern (pp. 3554). Information Age.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • van Es, E. A. , Hand, V. , & Mercado, J. (2017). Making visible the relationship between teachers’ noticing for equity and equitable teaching practice. In E. O. Schack , M. H. Fisher , & J. A. Wilhelm (Eds.), Teacher noticing: Bridging and broadening perspectives, contexts, and frameworks (pp. 251270). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46753-5_15

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • van Es, E. A. , & Sherin, M. G. (2008). Mathematics teachers’ “learning to notice" in the context of a video club. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(2), 244276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.11.005

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wilson, J. , Nazemi, M. , Jackson, K. , & Wilhelm, A. G. (2019). Investigating teaching in conceptually oriented mathematics classrooms characterized by African American student success. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 50(4), 362400. https://doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.50.4.0362

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 5199 2110 681
Full Text Views 1430 264 31
PDF Downloads 2239 460 45
EPUB Downloads 0 0 0